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Bile salts are amphipathic molecules (hydrophobic + hydrophilic) that: (1) EMULSIFY dietary fat — bile salts surround fat droplets, breaking them into tiny micelles (1/1,000th the size), vastly increasing the surface area available for pancreatic lipase digestion; (2) form MIXED MICELLES with fatty acids, monoglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol — these micelles carry lipids to the intestinal brush border for absorption; (3) ANTIMICROBIAL in small intestine — bile acids disrupt bacterial membranes, preventing SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth); (4) activate FXR (farnesoid X receptor) — regulating cholesterol metabolism and glucose homeostasis; (5) reabsorbed in terminal ileum via enterohepatic circulation (95% recycled).
Independently graded against 173,636 indexed supplements with 177 published clinical interactions, sourced from PubMed, FDA CAERS, openFDA, and NIH DSLD | Last updated:
Not medical advice. Based on published clinical research and systematic reviews.