Thymoquinone (TQ), comprising 30-48% of black seed volatile oil, works through: (1) NF-κB inhibition — master inflammation switch downregulation; (2) COX-2 and 5-LOX dual inhibition — reducing both prostaglandins and leukotrienes (NSAID + antileukotriene in one compound); (3) AMPK activation — improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake; (4) PPARγ agonism — improving adipocyte insulin sensitivity; (5) hepatoprotective — glutathione elevation and SOD upregulation protect liver from oxidative damage. The metabolic effects span multiple drug mechanisms: insulin sensitization (metformin-like), lipid reduction (mild statin-like), and anti-inflammatory (NSAID-like).
Independently graded against 173,636 indexed supplements with 177 published clinical interactions, sourced from PubMed, FDA CAERS, openFDA, and NIH DSLD | Last updated:
Not medical advice. Based on published clinical research and systematic reviews.